CARDOSO’S NEW DEPENDENCY STUDIES -- Responses to the classic dependency studies

Classic dependency school has emerged and over-emphasized the external conditions, which shapep the underdevelopment of third world. Furthermore the classic dependency stressed the harmful effect of colonialism and international division of labor. It also argued that the enequal relationship between the metropolis-satelite would create technical dependency and the development of underdevelopment. Consequently, it seemed many of classic dependency researchers promoted the socialist revolution in order to eradicate the external condition, wich imposed to underdevelopment of thirdworld.

Cardoso (1973): Associated-Dependent Development in Brazil

In this work, he pointed out that the sift from the brazilian populist regime to millitary regime was represented as the pursuing of a new model of “associated-dependent development” in Brazil. He added that there were many new activities, which has been done by millitary regime in Brazil. The other political actors in Cardoso’s model is the multinational corporation, wich ssociated with the internationalized sector bourgeois, formed the new production involving the partnership between the international monopolies and local enterprise.

Cardoso (1979): Dependency and Development in Latin America

Cardoso began his research by explaining the condition of latin america countries in the late 1950. Most of Latin America countries still reiled on foreign market by exporting raw materil and this kind of development strategies would result discountinuing development. Latin America countries would continue to be linked to the world market if they have assured the expansion of domestic market. The concept of dependence tries to give meaning to a series of events and situasions, wich occur together, and to make empiricial situations understandable in the terms of the wy internal an external structural components are linked (cardoso: 1979: p.15).

Comparison of The Classic Dependency and The New Dependency (Caedoso’s work)

There are some improvements of new dependency theories have made, particularly in Cardoso’s work. The new dependency perspective has modified some of the classical dependency perspective although in same cases, they still share the same concept such as focus research is tird world countries, national level of analysis, and center – periphery dependency.

Methodology

The classic dependency studies arose as critique of the modernizations theories, but somehow, the classic dependency theories paralleled to the marxis revolutionary ideology. Consequently, instead of providing a scientific analysis of what has actually happened in third world countries, the concept of dependency has become an all purpose of explanation for everything that is wrong in the third world countries. For santos and Frank, the experience of colonialism has shaped the development of underdevelopment. As the explanation of that, Frank has distinguished three main stages or periods thatshaped the underdevelopment in the third world the mercantilist (1500 – 1700), the industrial capitalist (1700 -1870), and the imperialist. These periods has shared im;portant developments in the world process of capital accumulations, concentrating especially on the exchange relations between the metropolis and the periphery.

On The Concepts of Dependency

From the viewpoint classic dependency, dependency is result of the imposition of external condition on the third world. Moreover the dependency has been pointed out as the important factor that formed the unbalance development of the metropolis – satellite in the Frank’s work and dominant – dependent in Dos Santos’s work. According to Frank, this mechanism has its origin from the colonial period and extended until now. The national cities in the third world become the satellite and the western cities become metropolis, which absorbed the economic surplus of the third world.

On Policy Implication

Most of the classic dependency researcher emphasized the harmful effect of dependency. The argued that there would be extraversion, hypertrophy, technical dependency, and the development of underdevelopment, and so on in the third world. To cope with those situations, many classic dependency researches promoted the radical strategies of socialist revolution. It was showed in Frank’s work. He said that it is incorrect to argue that industrialization and development occur only when a country is closed linked to the west. The satellite should self-reliable and not rely only to the metropolis, because when their relationship weak to the metropolis, they will able to initiate marked autonomous industrialization growth ( Harrison: 1988 ). However, this policy implication did not suitable with the real fact, wich was showed by the rapid development of south Korea and Taiwan, although they were once the colonies of Japan.

Conclusion

The Cardoso’s analysis in more sophisticated than the classical dependency studies. His work has added the lack of explanation in the classical work and emphasizes broader explanation on what happen in the third world. However, his work does not stop until examining the internal condition of the third world and formulating what the called as political alliance, which promoted associated-dependent development. Has also assert that these political alliance has many weaknesses, for instance, it created the “ class monopoly “ yhat based on the agro-export sector controlled by large landholder, and the power struggle between various groups of dominant class. To cope with these situations, he asserted that there should be stable relationship between the urban bourgeeoisie and the industrial bourgeoisie. Cardoso’s research has shaped the direction of empirical studies in the dependency school and started a whole new investigation on dependent development in the third world.